How Not to Write Proofs  
30jun10


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\maketitle


\section{Introduction}
Learning on how to write proofs is part of the professional training of 
a mathematician, where (s)he will teach at the shool, community college,
college or university level. It is part of the intellectual formation and
not necessarily part of for-the-job-training.

Like playing the piano, coaching Little League, or brain surgery, this 
skill is as acquired more by imitation and practice than by wrote learning.
So, this page is not a general essay on the subject. It is a collection of
some common decificiencies on homework in this course.

\subsection{ Example 1}
Here is a fragment of a proof which is essentially correct, but the 
fragment is full of "gaps" (see the previous lesson on proofs.)


a+b+c = 1 and a is constant so 

C' = aA + bB = aA + (1-a)B 

B' = aA + cC = aA + (1-a)C 

Therefore, (B'C' is parallel to (CB). 



From the last line (which is missing a parenthesis), 
the reader can tell that the student planned to prove that the 
line, call it $h$ where $a= const$, 
is parallel to the line $(BC)$. But there is 
way too little documentation to warrant this conclusion. 
\begin{itemize}
\item Line 1 is acceptable  \\
\item Line 2 does not follow. Indeed the first equality is 
incorrect, because there is no reason to believe that $a+b=1$.
You must qualify with something like this, either in words or 
symbols \\
\item Line 1.5: The point where the line crosses a side,  $C'=h(AB)$  
satisfies \\
\item Line 2.5: Similarly \\ 
\item Line 4 is a \textbf{jump to the conclusion} and should be 
justified something like this \\
\item Line 3.5: Therefore $(B'C')$ has displacement vetctor 
$ C' - B' = (1-a)(B-C)$ \\
\end{itemize}

The \textit{moral of this story} is as soon as you see the proof,
imagine your dumb brother not quite following you. 

\subsection{Example 2}

Another case is missing algebra steps. Sometimes the steps are crucial, so
if you skip them the grader can't be sure if you're skipping steps because
you think they are obvious or because you don't know how justify them.
 Reassure the grader that you know by some documentation. After the grader
knows you are an A student, you can get away with little leaps. Until you
fall into a gap, of course. Then the grader becomes suspicious.


A' - A = \frac{bB+cC+(b+c)A}{b+c}  

A' - A = \frac{G-A}{b+c}  



As all of you will be geometry teachers someday, either professionally,
or, as parents helping your kids with homework, you should appreciate
the gap between these two line. Missing is, of course, the algebra

$ bB+cC+(b+c)A = bB+cC+(1-a)A = aA+bB+cC - A = G-A$.

The temptation is huge to be done with the problem and just claim the
conclusion after some stabs at rewriting the hypotheses. On a test,
this is an easy mark when the alleged justification leads to a different
numerical answer than is claimed in the last line. But in geometry, we
prove things, not calculate numbers. So it's the logical soundness of
the steps that count.

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