The following images are stills taken from
The Optiverse,
a video by John Sullivan, George Francis, and Stuart Levy,
about the minimax sphere eversion.
An earlier collection of stills is here.
Other even older images of the eversion are available in the
Laterna matheMagica.
Composite of the 2-fold minimax eversion
Clockwise from upper left, we see stages in the eversion.
Images on the right show the creation of triple points
(top pair) and passage through the quadruple point at
the halfway stage (bottom pair). The large middle image
shows the halfway model from the other end, where there
is a point of double tangency.
Composite of the 3-fold minimax eversion
Clockwise from upper left, we see stages in the eversion.
We can see how three fingers grow into each other.
The two views at the bottom with gaps between the triangles
show the halfway model (Boy's surface) and the way it breaks
apart into its double cover. The large middle image is
close to the halfway stage.
Kusner's minimal surface
These images show a minimal surface with four flat ends.
Applying a Möbius transformation (along the z-axis)
to this surface gives the halfway model for the 2-fold eversion;
the point at infinity becomes the quadruple point.
The minimal surface inverted in the unit sphere
These many images show the inversion of Kusner's minimal surface
which sends the isthmus point (the double tangent point) to infinity
and leaves the quadruple point at the origin. This surface has
two wavy ends with cos(2t) behavior.
Flythrough
These images are from the flythrough scene, showing interior views
of the 2-fold eversion around the time the triple points appear.
Transparent eversions
These images show the 2-fold eversion in an early "gastrula" stage,
at a stage between the creation of the first and second double curves,
and finally almost at the halfway stage.
These images all show the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-fold eversions
in the upper left, lower left, upper right, and lower right cornerse,
respectively. First we see an early stage, with p fingers
growing in the p-fold everion. Next we see an intermediate
stage when the fingers have mostly overlapped. Finally we see the
four halfway models. For p odd, these are doubly covered
projective planes.
The "ear"
At the halfway stage in the 2-fold eversion, five isthmus or
reconnection events happen at once, where double-tangent points
break apart one way or the other. One of these is along
the symmetry axis, opposite the quadruple point. The other four
are in the "ears" of the Morin surface, two of which open
as the other two close. These closeups show one ear closing.
The 4-fold eversion
The 4-fold eversion has four fingers at an early stage.
Later, they overlap. At the halfway stage, we
have an octuple point for an instant. The second
half of the eversion is like the first with time
reversed and the other side of the surface showing.
The 3-fold eversion
The halfway model for the 3-fold eversion the double cover of a projective
plane, a Boy's surface which minimizes Willmore bending energy.
The fact that two oppositely oriented sheets overlap means the computer
graphics system randomly picks which color to draw.
Just after the halfway stage, the propellor-shaped double locus of
Boy's surface breaks apart into a four-fold cover (since the two
sheets of surface have pulled apart). Where Boy's surface had
a triple point, we see a small growing cube in the double locus.
Near the end of the 3-fold eversion, three fingers retract to
form a gastrula which then moves to a round sphere.
The triple point
These three images show the 2-fold eversion near the time pairs
of triple points are created, in a close up, a solid view,
and a gapped view highlighting the double-locus.
Halfway model
Near the halfway stage of the 2-fold eversion,
the double locus is quite elaborate, with a small
tetrahedron growing out of what is the quadruple
point at the halfway stage. A cutaway view of
the halfway model is quite elaborate.
Interior views
These two views show the gastrula stage of the 2-fold
eversion from inside---the second looks almost
along the symmetry axis.
These pictures view the 2-fold eversion from inside, looking up along
the symmetry axis, with a wide-angle lens. First we see the stage just after
creation of the second double curve. Then we see
a stage shortly after the creation of two pairs
of triple points (towards the upper right and lower
left).
Miscellany
These images show the 2-fold eversion, first in
the gastrula stage, then between the times
the first and second double curves appear,
and finally at the halfway model.